Судан и Большой Ближний Восток

169 Alexander S. Zdanevich. The Crisis of Autocracy in Russia (the mid-19th — early 20th С.)... country. From the beginning of the 19th century the issue of peasant reform was considered both by the tsarist government and by radical circles of Russian society. In search of ways to resolve contradictions, representatives of the younger generation (nobles and academic liberals) demanded a change in the socio-political system, freedom of personality and property, and a transition to a constitutional system limiting autocracy. The reforms carried out by Alexander I at the beginning of his reign did not lead to significant changes in the political system of Russian society, since they were selective in nature. Moreover, over time, the efforts of the reigning house were reduced to strengthening the autocratic system. The more radical nature of the transformations in the western part of the country— the Baltic states and Finland, in fact, was aimed at creating a liberal image of Russia in Europe. The domestic policy of Alexander I in the period 1815–1825 was characterized by increased reaction and rejection of any kind of liberal reforms. The main conductor of this course was the chairman of the military department of the State Council A.A. Arakcheev, who demonstrated the complete opposite of the soft and thoughtful policies of M.M. Speransky, who proposed the path of reform at the beginning of the reign of Alexander I. At the end of the emperor's reign, the arbitrariness of the police and officials intensified, censorship became rampant, and discussion of political issues and disclosure of details of trials in the press were prohibited. The rallying potential of a “common victory” over the aggressor — France was lost. The result of reactionary policies was the final split in society. The idea of modernizing Russia was opposed to the postulate of strengthening autocracy. Veterans of the Patriotic War and young representatives of the nobility lost hope for the peaceful transformation of the country. Revolutionary ideology was emerging in Russia. In practice, this manifested itself in the Decembrist Uprising on Senate Square in St. Petersburg in 1825. The death of Alexander I, the abdication of GrandDuke Konstantin Pavlovich and the tragic ending of the Decembrist Uprising became a kind of background for the establishment of a new autocrat on the Russian throne — Nicholas I. The thirty-year reign of Nicholas I was