Судан и Большой Ближний Восток

295 Nikolai A. Dobronravin. New sources on the Tijānī Emigration from West Africa... shaykh and mujāhid ‘Umar b. Sa‘īd al-Fūtī (al- Ḥ ājj ‘Umar, ʿ Umar Tall, Alahajji Umaru Taal, died in 1864), decided to opt for the hijra instead of an apparently futile jihād . These emigrants were Tooroɓɓe (from the community known to the French conquerors as “ toucouleur ”), mainly spoke the Fula (Pulaar, Fulfulde) language and belonged to the Tijānī tarīqa . In the 1890s, they settled in the Sokoto empire down the stream of the River Niger, in a country run by their distant relatives (known there as Toronkawa or, more generally, Fulani in the Hausa language), only to see a new wave of European conquest in the beginning of the 20th century. Then, some of these Tijānī refugees took part in the anti-colonial struggle, including the battle with the British conquerors at Bormi (Mbormi, or Burmi, in today’s Gombe State of Nigeria) in 1903, where the Sokoto amīr al-mu’minīn Attahiru (Muhammadu Attahiru I) was killed. A number of “Umarians” managed to escape and continued their exodus, settling in today’s Sudan and eventually in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Among the scholarly publications dealing with the Tijānī emigration from Western Sudanic Africa, one can mention a few authoritative books and articles written byDavidRobinson andRüdiger Seesemann 1 . While the general course of the Tijānī hijra has been known from both European and African sources, the micro-history of the movement, and especially between Sokoto and the Nile Valley in today’s Sudan, remains relatively understudied. Some existing sources are still unexplored by the historians. One group of such sources, written in Arabic, has been preserved in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. This library is globally known 1 See, e.g., Robinson D. The Umarian emigration of the late nineteenth century // International Journal of AfricanHistorical Studies . Vol. 20.№2. 1987. P. 245–70; RobinsonD. BetweenHashimi and Agibu. The Umarian Tijâniyya in the early colonial period // Triaud J.-L., Robinson D. (eds). La Tijâniyya. Une confrérie musulmane la conquête de l’Afrique. Paris: Karthala, 2000. P. 101–24; Seesemann R. Alfā HāshimMu ḥ ammad al-Hāshimī b. A ḥ mad b. Sa ʿ īd // The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 3rd edition. Vol. 10. Leiden: Brill, 2010. P. 77–79 [Brill Online. URL: http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?en- try=ei3_COM-23463 (accessed: 14.01.2024)].