Япония: цивилизация, культура, язык 2024

ЯПОНИЯ: цивилизация, культура, язык 2024 186 significant contributions to modernizing Japanese literature was his lucid blending of Eastern and Western philosophy in the concept of ‘ naibuseimei ’ (inner life) that he articulated. While rejecting a faith based on rituals and formalism, Tōkoku emphasized the unconditional union between humans and the divine. His writing career is a symbol of struggle between an impersonal nihilistic approach to life and society that draws men away from human relationships, and a more human approach which inspired generations of writers from his contemporaries and immediate successors such as Shimazaki Tōson (1872-1943) and Yosano Akiko (1878- 1942) to novelists such as Tayama Katai (1872-1930), Kunikida Doppo (1871-1908), Iwano Hōmei (1873-1920) all the way to Natsume Sōseki (1867-1916) and Akutagwa Ryūnosuke (1892- 1927), who though on a different plane, fought essentially the same battle. Ralph Waldo Emerson had been the guiding spirit in Tōkoku’s spiritual journey of discovering an inner life in one’s self 4 . In the June of 1872, the visit of the Iwakura Mission , led by Iwakura Tomomi, to the United States and Europe marked the beginning of the influence of Ralph Waldo Emerson on the intellectual formation of modern Japan when a group of Japanese envoy listened to his lecture in Boston 5 . While Emerson’s influence extended across various aspects of modern Japanese thought, focusing especially on the literary field, the significant reception and attention given by 4 Francis Mathy, “Kitamura Tokoku. The Early Years,” Monumenta Nipponica, Sophia University, 1963, Vol. 18, No.1/4, pp.2. (Accessed on Jan 18, 2023) 5 Massachusetts Historical Society (1791), Online Archive https://www. masshist.org/object-of-the-month/february-2014. (Accessed on July 7, 2023)