Тибетская литература в современном литературном процессе

403 Summary input on the modernization of the Classical Tibetan Language and the newspaper’s contribution to the establishment of the modern Tibetan literary writing. The chapter Tibetan literary language modernization as one of prerequisites of formation of modern Tibetan literature deals with the vernacularization of the Tibetan literary language that was initiated by the Chinese authorities in the beginning of the 20th c. Modernization projects were aimed at filling the gap between written and spoken language and spreading of Communist ideas among Tibetans. The most influential factors which helped to overcome this rift were: creation of translation teams to translate in the Tibetan language Chinese propaganda and legal documents, educational materials, constitutions, directives and other official documents; development of publishing projects and journalism; establishment of the Tibetan writers associations and literary magazines; develop- ment of secular education. The chapter State policy regarding the literatures of the ethnic minority groups in PRC from the middle of 20th century: the case of the Tibetan literature starts with a brief discussion of the relation between notions of “ethnicity” and “politics”, both of which are directly linked to the state policy regarding the ethnic literatures in present day China. The first paragraph introduces the official policy towards ethnic groups within state borders of China, pointing at economic factor determining the policy in the underdeveloped areas mainly inhabited by the ethnic minorities. The second paragraph provides a brief account of how “ethnicity” and “ethnology” are defined and studied by the Chinese scholars and the Western academics studying China. The third paragraph focuses on the sources and materials, which shed light on the state policy in the ethnic minority areas (with focus on Tibet), e.g. Chinese, Russian and Western sources, each of the three biased in its own fashion. The forth paragraph discusses publications by the Chinese authors concerning ethnic literatures and their approach to the folklore and the author’s literature. Paragraph five outlines how state policy affected Tibetan culture and literature after the Cultural Revolution, the emphasis is made on the language factor drawing important border between writing in Tibetan and Chinese. The chapter The modern Tibetan literary textual corpus: main sources and as- pects of research addresses the issues of describing the main published sources available to the present authors, making an emphasis on novels and the most well-known anthologies, mainly of prosaic works. It also provides a brief outline of the corpus of publications in the two most popular literary journals, Tibetan Literature and Art and Light Rain , as well as touches upon the less studied subjects like Tibetan critical and scholarly publications on modern literature and translations of Russian and Western literary works into Tibetan. The chapter Dondub Gyel (1953–1985) — the founder and ideologist of modern Tibetan literature, writer, critic, scholar provides a short account of the main events in Dondub Gyel’s life that lead him from a small village in Amdo, Tibet to a brilliant writer’s career and a tragic, abrupt end. Along this journey he had overcome difficulties that many writers faced during the Cultural Revolution in China and helped revive the Tibetan literary tradition. It also gives a summary