«Тахиййат»: Сборник статей в честь Н. Н. Дьякова

m 118 n John Masson Smith, Jr. Mongol Warfare and the Creation of the Mongol Empire (Ilkhanid Persia, the Golden Horde/Russia, Yuan China/Korea) M ongol warfare initially involved a small nomad population with a large number of ponies. By 1211, Chinggis Qan’s unified Outer Mon- golia possessed an army of some 105 000 men 1 , all the able-bodied males in the population 2 , which, taking the men as one-fifth of the total, would have been roughly 700 000 persons (somewhat more than the half-million of Mongolia’s 1918 census) 3 . Each soldier required five ponies (always geldings) 4 to ride on successive days, as the small animals, 600 lbs on 1 Commanders of ninety-five Thousands are named in The Secret History of the Mongols [hereinafter SH ], § 202. 20,000 more recruits appear in § 207 and 239; translations em- ployed are by Igor de Rachewiltz (IdR) and Francis Cleaves (C). De Rachewiltz has recently published a new version of his translation and commentary in two volumes (Leiden: Brill, 2006 — n.b. also published in 2007). 2 “What army in the whole world can equal the Mongol army? ...It is an army after the fashion of a peasantry, being liable to all manner of contributions ...It is also a peas- antry in the guise of an army, all of them , great and small, noble and base, in time of battle becoming swordsmen, archers and lancers and advancing in whatever manner the occasion requires”. ‘Ala al-Din Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror , J. A. Boyle trans. (Cambridge MA: Harvard UP, 1958) [hereinafter Juvaini], 2 vols., I, 30. [emphasis added]. 3 Maiskii I. Sovremennaia Mongoliia (Irkutsk, 1921), 16. 4 Mongols preferred geldings as general-purpose and military mounts because they are more tractable and not noisily excited by stallions or mares; the use of mares as mounts is inefficient, as they should not be ridden, Mongols believe, for four months after conception, usually in June or July: Vreeland H. H. Mongol Community and Kinship Structure , (New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press, 1954), 40.