«Тахиййат»: Сборник статей в честь Н. Н. Дьякова

m 120 n John Masson Smith, Jr. serve as fuel 1 . This logistical liberty, and the pace, ca. 15 miles a day (mpd) that the ponies could maintain 2 , gave nomad cavalry an important advantage over conventional (non-nomad) cavalry, based in sedentary, agricultural societies that could not afford to set aside extensive arable lands for grazing ponies, but by growing fodder-crops of high nutritional value on fewer acres could raise horses bigger and faster than ponies and capable of carrying heavily armed and armored men. The horses, however, had always to be fed, to supplement or replace grazing, and this required large, slow supply-trains. Ox-drawn wagons could travel only 10 mpd 3 . The nomads could move faster, but had to take care not to go too fast, as Chinggis insisted. [M]indful of the long distance you have to cover, you must spare your de Theix , 41 (Beaumont, 1980); and [no author given] Nutrient Requirements of Domes- tic Animals, Number 8, Nutrient Requirements of Dogs (Washington: National Academy of Sciences, 1974), 46. If every man in a military unit brought an extra pony, the force could subsist for some seven months on horsemeat. See Smith J. M., Jr. Mongol Campaign Ra- tions: Milk, Marmots, and Blood? Turks, Hungarians and Kipchaks: A Festschrift in Honor of Tibor Halasi-Kun , vol. 8 (1984) of the Journal of Turkish Studies [hereinafter Smith, “Marmots”.]. Note also that, unlike the much-despised modern field rations (K rations; MREs), horsemeat was the Mongols — favorite and most esteemed, served, for instance, at a “great drinking festival” where Möngke Qan provided, according to Rubruck/D, 202, “a hundred and five carts laden with mare’s milk, and ninety horses [to be eaten]...”; see also Ibn Ba ṭṭūṭ a, The Travels of Ibn Ba ṭṭūṭ a, H. A. R. Gibb trans. (Cambridge UK: Cambridge UP, 1962), II, 474, 477, and Juvaini, II, 573. 1 Collecting dried horse dung in the skirt of a garment is mentioned in the Secret History , § 174. A horse’s dung has been calculated to have an energy-value of 4kW a day (Internet information); a pony’s would have less. Mongol armies had a constant supply of pony-dung at hand; some could have been carried by each soldier in a sack until dry (my conjecture), and then burned in a fire-pit under cook-pots; it is said by one experimenter to be almost odorless (Internet information). 2 Ilkhan Ghazan, for instance, marched into Syria in 1299 at 15 mpd: J. M. Smith, Jr. Ayn Jalut: Mamluk Success or Mongol Failure? Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 44:2 (1984), 307–45, esp. 335–7 [Hereinafter Smith, “‘Ayn Jalut”.]. See also Samuqa’s campaign in northern China (1216–17) moved at 14 mpd: H. Desmond Martin, The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1950, with separate map of “Chingis Khan’s Campaigns in China, 1209–1227”), 191. Other campaigns moved more slowly: Hülegü’s army took somewhat over three years, fall 1254 to 22 January 1258, to reach Baghdad from Mongolia; he rested his ponies from time to time, paused to col- lect supplies and integrate new troops and commanders into his army; conducted a major siege, and averaged only 4 mpd: J. M. Smith, Jr., Hülegü Moves West: High Living and Heartbreak on the Road to Baghdad, [hereinafter Smith, Heartbreak.], passim , in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan , L. Komaroff ed. (Leiden: Brill, 2006) [hereinafter Legacy ]. 3 The pace of draft oxen is 2 mph for 5 hours a day, slower than the pace attainable by foot- soldiers: Engels, 15; Alexander’s armies, noted for speed, averaged 13 mpd: ibid. , 154–56.