«Тахиййат»: Сборник статей в честь Н. Н. Дьякова

m 132 n John Masson Smith, Jr. yen 1 , into which Mongol society naturally arranged itself. These arrangements are visible during the competition between Temüchin and Jamuqa: Temüchin led thirteen qarin s totaling 30000 men, and Jamuqa thirteen kuriyen s, also with 30000 2 . The average size of those qarin s and kuriyen s was 2300 men, but some would have been smaller, some larger, and all awkward to array in order of bat- tle. Decimal regimentation solved this problem. It also undercut qarin chiefs as possible rivals of Temüchin because of the Procrustean effect of regimentation. The authority of a chief of a qarin of 2300 men would be trimmed if he came to command only a Thousand, or stretched by promotion to tümen commander over two Thousands of his own men plus eight Thousands under other former chiefs. On the battlefield, as I see it, a Hundred formed five lines, one behind the other: four lines of light cavalry, archers without armor but with a club (Polo) or axe (Plano Carpini), and one of heavy cavalry with armor, swords and lances as well as archery gear. Each line consisted of two units of Ten (20 troopers and an officer at each end of the line) 3 . The 22 soldiers, riding side by side with some five feet between them (space needed when turning from line into nose-to-tail file,), with each mount, and its rider’s protruding knees, taking up another three feet for a total of eight feet, formed a (21 × 5 = 105 = = [22 × 3 =] 66 = 171 feet =) 57-yard line. The unit approached the enemy, and, at about 200 yards distance, safe enough from his archery, the four rear lines halted, while the front line charged. After about ten seconds, the second line charged, and so on until all the light cavalry was in action. The heavy cavalry held its place. Each man in a charg- ing line shot — once — at the enemy from a distance of fifty to forty yards, then took up his reins (archery requires both hands) and turned his pony 90 de- grees (probably to the right, for more convenient Parthian shooting in case of enemy pursuit) from line abreast into nose-to-tail file, a natural traveling formation for horses which helps keep their ranks and order proper. Still at speed, his line moved out of the way of the following line, turned again, away from the enemy, and rode back to the rear 4 . The returning lines successively 1 SH, § 129; qarin is translated as “tribe”, unhelpfully, as the term, used loosely, may intend “patrilineal descent group” (“clan”), managed by influence and cajolry; or a political group led by a chief with arbitrary authority. A kuriyen was literally a circle, a protective ring of wagons around a nomad camp, as in SH, § 90, but also, as in SH, § 129, a far larger common defense association. 2 SH, § 129. 3 As in Mamluk practice; see Hassanein Rabie, “The Training of the Maml ū k F § ris”, in War, Technology and Society in the Middle East , V.J. Parry and M.E. Yapp eds. (London: Oxford UP, 1975), 153–63, esp. plates II–IV. 4 Beveridge, Babur , 140: “The [Chaghatai Mongol] enemy attacked us ... They all, begs and retainers, from their front to their rear, ride, loose-rein at the gallop, shouting as they come and, in retiring, do not scatter but ride off, at the gallop, in a body”. Cf. F. N. Uzluk, Anadolu