«Тахиййат»: Сборник статей в честь Н. Н. Дьякова

Mongol Warfare and the Creation of the Mongol Empire m 141 n right and bared [the front of our centre] ... we fought [off] those who made the front-attack on us ... [the Özbek] right beat our left, then wheeled (again) to our rear ... The enemy attacked us front and rear, raining arrows on us... We drove back the [Özbeks] who attacked our front by several vigorous assaults, but those who had wheeled to our rear came up and rained arrows on our standard. Falling on us in this way, from the front and from the rear, they made our men hurry off. This same turning movement is one of the great merits of [Özbek] fighting; no battle of theirs is ever without it. Strategic encirclement is exemplified by the 1241–1242 campaign against Hungary. The invading forces included eight Mongol commanders, each lead- ing a tümen. Three tümens, led by Batu, the commander-in-chief, made straight for Budapest across the Carpathians and the Hungarian plains. Two traveled west along the northern flanks of the Carpathians to Krakow (where they shot a trumpeter who is memorialized to this day, every day), and nearby destroyed a large Polish-German army; then on to the Morava valley, through the Carpathi- ans, and south-east toward Budapest. Two more moved into Hungary through the Carpathians via Transylvanian Saxony. One passed through Moldavia, Vlach territory and Danubia to approach Budapest from the south-east. Batu’s three-tümen corps had defeated the Hungarian army before the others could arrive 1 . Hülegü followed a similar strategy in attacking Maymun Diz, the strong- hold of the Assassins’ leader. He assembled his forces at Bistam in northwest Iran, and arrayed them in the conventional Mongol order of battle: Left, Center and Right. Hülegü’s tümen constituted the Center; the Left and Right (both with two named commanders) probably included two tümens each 2 . In addi- tion to these units that were more or less directly under Hülegü’s management, three more tümens were on their way from the Golden Horde. Hülegü’s Center marched toward Maymun Diz via Firuzkuh, Demavend and Rayy 3 ; the Left traveled toward the same objective via Khwar and Semnan. Separate routes 1 RaD, II, 325–26; Juvayni, I, 270–71. 2 RaD, II, 483; Juvaini, II, 607–8, 618. Supplemental troops could have been impressed as Tainal Noyan had done during Chinggis’ Khwarezmian campaign; he conscripted ten thou- sand Türkmens to enlarge his army as he passed through these same regions (they deserted at the first opportunity, only to be caught by Tainal and slaughtered): Juvaini, I, 90. 3 Juvaini, II, 717.