«Тахиййат»: Сборник статей в честь Н. Н. Дьякова

m 48 n Herman Bell, Muhammad Jalal Hashim Egyptian hieroglyphs can also be mentioned, cf. the proposed derivation of the modern Nubian place-name ‘Sai’, (Priese 1984, 492). Priese’s suggested sequence of sound changes was as follows: Gm-’tn > /kam-ata/ > /kawata/ (Meroitic: /qawata/) > Kawa. This sequence can now be expanded. A brief summary of the detailed argu- ments above on the process of sound changes from GM-YAATA(N) to KÓW- WA , is as follows: 1. GM-YAATA(N) — Ancient Egyptian, ( N written, but not pro- nounced). 2. GW-YAATA. 3. QAW–ATA (not QAWATA as in Priese) — Meroitic. 3a. K w AW–ATA (Rilly’s interpretation of 3). 4. K w OW–ATA. 5. K w OW–WATA. 6. KOWWATA —Absorbed into Nile Nubian via Meroitic (or directly from ancient Egyptian?). 7. KOWWA(TA). 7a. KÓWWA — High tone observed on vowel of initial syllable (recent observation). These seven steps offer a strengthened version of Priese’s proposed link between the ancient Egyptian name and the modern Kówwa . The focus has been on names which may be derived directly from Gm-’Itn , but not on names which may be derived from the related Pr-Gm-’Itn ‘The Temple of Gm-’Itn ’. Classical derivatives of Pr-Gm-’Itn were dealt with by Priese and do not affect the argument presented in the seven steps above. Incidentally, the ancient ‘Temple of Gm-’Itn ’ has a modern counterpart. The name Kowwán-Díb may be freely translated as ‘the Temple of Kówwa ’. Respondents in all the villages near the archaeological site mentioned the name Kowwán-Díb as well as the name Kówwa . Both in modern times and in ancient times there were two names, one referring to the temple buildings and the other to the site. Díb is not derived from Pr ‘Temple’. It is a Dungulawi Nubian word. Arm- bruster (1965, 50) glossed it as ‘castle, fortress (now ruined)’. The word is cognate with the Nobíin Nubian word díffi , ‘fortified house’. Examples of díffi are particularly frequent in the Mahas region, although usually with Islamic period associations, (Edwards 2000, 66f.). Variants of the expression Gm-’Itn were often used during the Amarna peri- od to refer to an area within the Aten temples. However, Gm-’Itn near Dungula al-Urdi had the distinction of being a geographical name.